Jewish Identity in the Modern World / Presents a historical survey of the three major forces which have created modern Jewish identity: enlightenment, antisemitism, and attitude towards Zion, each of which could act either as a strengthening or weakening agent. Argues that antisemitism could add to the weakening of Jewish identity caused by enlightenment, or strengthen it by undermining the latter's supposedly rational and universal basis. Discusses Jewish conversion and self-hate (Marx, Weininger) and Jewish apologetic responses to antisemitism (Isaac de Pinto), some of which were divisive, while others caused solidarity. Points out that Nazi policy forced many Jews to construct a new Jewish identity, though this revival was cut short by the Holocaust. Argues that the memory of the Holocaust today serves as a basic motive for Jewish identification.
